autoimmune

Vitamin D’s Role in Preventing and Treating Multiple Sclerosis

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Modern lifestyles are countering nature’s intentions to keep us healthy. Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, we have migrated from farms to factories and office buildings. Nature intended for us to live and work outdoors in the sun—without sunscreen. Today most of us live and work indoors—often wearing sunscreen, or cosmetics containing sunscreen. By doing so, we have denied our bodies one of the most fundamental sources of health: the ultraviolet B (UVB) rays of the sun that initiate vitamin D protection in our skin.

Compelling scientific evidence over the past century indicates the significant role vitamin D plays in protecting us from developing a wide variety of medical conditions including autism, autoimmune disorders, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and thyroid disorders. It is not a coincidence that the prevalence of these diseases has emerged during “modern” times. These medical conditions, many of which are serious, chronic, and life-threatening, frequently result in health, financial, and social burdens to the patients and their families.

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) befits a disease of modern civilization. First identified by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1868, MS is a chronic, neurological autoimmune disorder that damages the myelin sheath, the multiple layers of fatty tissue that surround and protect the nerves in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. When the myelin sheath is intact, electrical impulses are carried through the nerves with accuracy and speed. When the myelin sheath is damaged (sclerosis is the scar tissue formed by damaged myelin), the nerves do not conduct electrical impulses normally. The impulses are distorted or interrupted, resulting in a range of symptoms including numbness, blindness, paralysis, and brain damage. MS also can result in death.

Who is at Risk of Developing MS?

Despite the identification of MS almost 150 years ago, MS has no cure. Over 2.5 million people around the world have been diagnosed with MS including about 400,000 Americans. Women are to two to three times more likely to develop MS than men. Although MS is usually diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 50, the disease can strike at any age. In addition, Caucasian women of Northern European descent are more frequently diagnosed with MS than African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.

As part of the Environmental Risk Factors in MS Study (EnvIMS), researchers at the University of Bergen in Norway sought to understand better the association between MS and sun exposure measures by studying a total of 1,660 MS patients and 3,050 controls from Norway and Italy. The researchers’ findings included significant connections between infrequent summer outdoor activity and sunscreen use and an increased risk of MS. Published in the January 10, 2014 issue of Multiple Sclerosis, the study’s conclusion stated, “Converging evidence from different measures underlines the beneficial effect of sun exposure on MS risk.”

It is not surprising that incidences of MS in the equatorial region occur much less frequently than at the higher latitudes. Epidemiological studies over the past several decades however indicate that women who live at higher latitudes have an increased risk of developing MS. For example, University of Oxford researchers studied MS patterns in Scotland by examining hospital admissions throughout the country between 1997 and 2009. The research team discovered a “highly significant relationship between MS-patient-linked admissions and latitude” across Scotland. This study was published in a 2011 issue of the Public Library of Science (PLoS) One journal.

In addition, a seasonal risk factor also exists for MS. Researchers at Queen Mary University of London conducted a systematic review of data for 151,978 MS patients to ascertain the link between month and location of birth, and the risk of developing MS. They found that babies born in April had the highest risk of development of MS, and infants born in October enjoyed the lowest risk of MS. The researchers also noted a direct correlation between the latitudinal location of expectant mothers and MS risk. The study, published in a 2012 issue of the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, suggests the importance of maternal vitamin D supplementation in particular during the winter season.

What Causes MS?

The definitive cause of MS remains unknown but medical research suggests genetic and environmental factors influence one’s risk of developing MS. Interestingly enough, science has demonstrated that vitamin D plays a role in influencing environmental and genetic factors that may affect how likely one is to develop MS.

A landmark study at the University of Oxford, published in a 2009 issue of Public Library of Science (PLoS) Genetics, examined how genes and the environment interact in MS. A gene variant called HLA-DRB*1501 is associated with an increased risk of developing MS. The research team discovered how vitamin D influences the HLA-DRB*1501 gene variant. As we know, the amount of vitamin D synthesized by UVB sunlight exposure fluctuates from season to season. Therefore, women who give birth during the spring, carry the HLA-DRB*1501 gene variant, and have low vitamin D levels are more likely to produce children with a higher risk of developing MS.

The study’s author Dr. Sreeram Ramagopalan suggested that adequate vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancies may decrease the risk of children developing MS in later life. The combination of carrying the HLA-DRB*1501 gene variant and lacking adequate vitamin D levels may impair the ability of the thymus, an immune system organ, to delete rogue T cells, a type of white blood cells, that play an important role in maximizing the immune cells. The rogue cells would attack the body, causing demyelination of the central nervous system.

How Can Vitamin D Protect Against MS?

MS is a neurological autoimmune disorder. Scientific research over the past few decades solidifies the connection between vitamin D and autoimmunity. Vitamin D plays an integral role in the regulation of the adaptive immune system.

Adequate vitamin D in our bodies can protect us from autoimmunity because adaptive immune cells contain vitamin D receptors (VDRs). These receptors are attached to the surface of the adaptive immune system’s antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes. When the VDRs receive adequate amounts of vitamin D, they enable the adaptive immune system to function properly by attacking new and previous invaders.

When the VDRs attached to the adaptive immune system’s cells do not contain sufficient vitamin D to attack invaders, autoimmunity may kick in, causing the death of healthy immune cells. Thus, vitamin D deficiency can contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders such as MS.

How Can Vitamin D Treat MS?

The scientific community is delivering hope to MS patients by investigating vitamin D intake as a treatment for the disease. Research suggests that higher vitamin D levels are associated with reduced disease activity in MS sufferers.

Dr. Alberto Ascherio of Harvard University’s School of Public Health and colleagues recently concluded that vitamin D appears to be connected with MS disease activity and progression in patients who experienced an initial episode suggestive of MS and were treated with interferon β-1b. The researchers found that 20 ng/mL-increases of vitamin D levels within the first 12 months of experiencing an initial episode predicted a 57 percent lower rate of new active lesions as well as a lower risk of relapse. In addition, the results included a 25 percent decrease in annual T2 brain lesion volume and a 0.41 percent lower yearly loss in brain volume over four years. The Harvard study was electronically published on January 20, 2014 in JAMA Neurology.

According to a study published in a 2012 issue of the Annals of Neurology, a University of California, San Francisco research team examined 469 male and female MS patients over five years to ascertain how vitamin D affected disease progression. The researchers discovered that for each increase of 10 ng/mL in vitamin D levels, the MS patients benefited from a corresponding 15 percent decrease in new brain lesions as well as a 32 percent lower risk in inflammation of the myelin sheath.

A Finnish study, published in a 2012 issue of the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, concluded that vitamin D3 supplementation significantly reduced the number of brain lesions in MS patients undergoing interferon β-1b treatment.

Paving a Way to Better Health and Quality of Life

Adequate vitamin D levels in our body may indeed protect us from developing MS. If you have experienced a possible initial episode or have been diagnosed with MS, please consider how vitamin D3 supplementation may decrease the severity of your symptoms.

We must take ownership of our health by understanding the importance of vitamin D as well as other micronutrients. Why wait years, or decades, to garner the results of further studies and clinical trials to define the exact relationship between vitamin D status and MS. We can be proactive by taking daily vitamin D3 supplements and enjoying moderate sunlight exposure to increase our vitamin D levels.

It is imperative to take enough vitamin D so this essential nutrient will be stored in your cells to help regulate your immune system. The greater your vitamin D level (easily obtained from a simple blood test called 25(OH) vitamin D), the more likely you will benefit from a stronger immune system that will protect your body’s cells from attacking one another.

No one wants to endure the health, financial, and social burdens of a chronic debilitating disease. By empowering yourself with adequate vitamin D, you may not only reap lots of health benefits but enjoy a better quality of life.

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More people than ever are reading Hormones Matter, a testament to the need for independent voices in health and medicine. We are not funded and accept limited advertising. Unlike many health sites, we don’t force you to purchase a subscription. We believe health information should be open to all. If you read Hormones Matter, like it, please help support it. Contribute now.

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Image credit: Stephanie021299, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
This post was published here originally on March 4, 2014. 

Copyright © 2014 by Susan Rex Ryan. All rights reserved.

Celebrating a Diagnosis of Chronic Illness? You Bet.

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I’m Celebrating Today, but not for the Reason You Would Think

Today is a day of celebration for me! However, my celebration is probably not one that someone would consider a reason to celebrate. You see I have spent years and years being ill, matter of fact looking back to my childhood, I can honestly say that I was never a healthy person. I was always suffering with one painful area after another. Then when I hit my early twenties my health began to spiral out of control. At first it was a slow progression, but with each passing decade the destructive progression of whatever this was began to speed up. I continued to fight like hell to push through whatever this was that was happening to my body. I spent countless hours crying in pain and more trips to the ER for help then I can even count. The doctors would run one test after another on me and find nothing other than inflammation of unknown origin.

As the years went by, I would find myself traveling the country searching out one specialist after another. Many would take a guess as to what was happening to my body and then some would tell me that it was all in my head and show me the door, while others would then label me with one autoimmune disease after another. Each autoimmune disease was based on whatever area of my body was inflamed at the moment. If my skin was inflamed they would label me with psoriasis. If the joints were inflamed I would get labeled with some form of arthritis like Lupus or RA. If it was my stomach or colon I would get labeled with Crohn’s disease and on and on it would go. By the time I hit my forties, I had truly become the queen diseases, yet no one really knew with any certainty what was wrong with me. During these years I would try one drug after another to help quell the progression and ease my suffering but most did very little and many caused more problems.

The First Clue: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

A breakthrough would come in 2007 when I would be genetically diagnosed with several forms of EDS (Ehlers Danlos Syndrome). This would lead to several answers for many of my problems, such as Dysautonomia, Mast Cell Activation Syndrome, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, etc.. However, it still did not account for the systemic inflammation, the deterioration that was now being seen in imaging or through other testing. It also did not account for the level of suffering and pain I was dealing with. On top of this there really wasn’t any treatment for EDS or the sub-illnesses it had caused. It would be at this point that my doctors and I would turn to just trying to treat my symptoms as they arose. This included pain pills, anti-seizure meds, stomach meds, etc.. Most of these treatments did very little other than to lessen the pain, but because the inflammation was still raging in my body like an all-out war, I continued to experience further disabilities due to destruction of joints and organs. My life had become a living hell to say the least!

Fluoroquinolone Toxicity Syndrome and Lyme: A Wonderful Combination

By 2011, after another bout with diarrhea, I was once again given another dose of Cipro, only this time combined with my prednisone. This would set off a severe reaction within my body known as Fluoroquinolone Toxicity syndrome. This reaction coupled with my EDS (which is a collagen depleting syndrome), would leave me bedridden for years. I would once again try like hell to fight my way back to some kind of normalcy. I finally had reached a point of being able to get up and take care of myself and began to be able to walk again. Now this is not to say that all my previous problems, pain and disabilities had also gotten better because they had not. As a matter of fact, they had continued to progress. However, I tried to adapt to my abilities, body and life and in celebration of being up and out again. We decided to take a trip to Tennessee. It would be this trip that would once again, throw my life into a turmoil. You see I had been bitten by a tick; one that was carrying a whole host of infections, which it so kindly infected me with.

For the next 8 years, I would aggressively attack all the tick infections I had been positively diagnosed with. It was a long arduous battle that kept me very ill and quite often bedridden again. Then just as it seemed that I was turning a corner with beating these infections, I would go into another “flare”, sending me reeling and back to my bed once again. My abilities and life had forever changed and not to the betterment either. Many nights, as I lied in my bed crying softly to myself, I would wonder if I would ever know a moments peace again. During some of those nights I would literally fantasize about dying and think how glorious it would be to be out of pain once and for all, but not having lived my life to the fullest yet, I would pull myself back from the brink of swallowing a whole bottle of pain killers.

The tick infections would go on for so long that I had lost the sense of who I was and who I once was. I had reached this point in my mind of thinking that if I could just get back to when I was younger, my life would be so much easier, because after all I had been healthy back then, right?! This somehow had become a false fantasy that I had placed in my mind, maybe because my health had become so bad that looking back on my youth made it seem as though I had been truly healthy, but in truth that was not the case. It would take going into cognitive behavioral therapy for me to look back on who I was and how unhealthy I really had been. This would be the dawning moment for me!

Ill Since Childhood

Once I had realized that my health had been going downhill literally from the moment I took my first breathe of life, I quickly realized that everything I was going through and had been through since taking that fatal dose of Cipro was not the end all to my health problems. This included the love kiss I also received from that fateful tick in Tennessee. No, my health problems dated far back into my earlier years and even after the diagnosis of EDS, there was still a sense of something more sinister still taking place within my body. It was something that no doctors had yet been able to place their fingers on, but it was something that was eating my body one cell at a time and leaving me in total and utter grief.

It would be then that I would begin to wake up and question the tick infections as still being viable within my body. I mean after all I had spent seven of the eight years saturating every cell and nook and cranny of my body with every kind of antibiotic, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic drug out there and this was not to mention the numerous alternative therapies. How could these infections still be so alive within me? How?! At this point I would sit down with my doctors one by one and go through my life, chapter by chapter, from one illness and label to another. I would question them on everything they knew and then some. In the end, they too would come to the same conclusion as me, this could no longer just be Lyme and company. No, there had to still be some sinister force lurking within my body; the same damn one that had showed up days after I took my first breathe of air and one that was continuing its ugly assault on my body, with no mercy!

The quest began, I was determined to find this beast and put a name to it. I made a promise to myself that I would not die without first being able to look this beast in the face and name it. I was going to find him within me and level this playing field once and for all! So, I began pouring through every medical book and journal out there. I was so intent on finding the answer that I literally kept a journal of every disease that had any possibility of being my monster. I came close to fitting hundreds of different diseases, but with the help of my doctors we were able to narrow it down to just a few. Once we had settled on a few, we began looking for any kind of definitive testing available for them. Thank God science has been moving at the speed of lightening over the past decade because they made our quest for diagnosing many of these diseases as easy as a DNA blood test. I would drag my ailing body into my doctor’s office week after week, throwing down one more disease to test for, but as each came back negative my hope for an answer slowly, but surely, diminished. It was as if someone had slowly let the air out of my birthday balloon and it left me as deflated as that balloon on the floor. Thank God my doctors were as curious as I was for an answer because they kept giving me encouraging words and propping me up when I thought the quest for the Holy Grail was over.

The last test, the very last test that we thought I might have was done and when it came back negative too, I collapsed on the floor, sobbing as if someone had stolen my new puppy. I cried for days on end, setting off my mast cell so bad that my face had swollen to a nearly unrecognizable state. I had been beaten and defeated and as I laid in my bed envying the people in the obituary columns. I began to think maybe this was still Lyme. What would it hurt to go back and try antibiotics once again? So, I set up an appointment with a new Lyme doctor and set off to see him. This doctor sat there listening to the story of my journey with wide eyes open and as my story continued I could see his facial expression go from “I think I can help you” to “I’m not going to be able to help you”. As I finished my story, this kind man sat back and explained to me that I still may have Lyme, but that there was something more at play here, maybe it was the EDS and all the sub-illnesses it causes, or maybe it was the floxing from the Cipro, or maybe it was this dark lurking beast that no one could pin down, but in any case, he was not sure that more antibiotics were going to bring me any further than I had already come. However, he was more than willing to administer them, but warned me that they would make me very ill again, worse then what I already was, and once I recovered, I would more than likely be right back to my baseline; the same baseline I was at sitting in front of him that day. Now, I thought for sure that I was going to fall on the floor and begin balling like a baby, but after a moment of thought, I realized this man just gave me the vindication that this more than likely was no longer Lyme and company, so there still had to be some sinister force lurking within me. So, I told the doctor to please run every Lyme and company test on me again, and while I waited for the results, I would go home and think about re-entering the world of antibiotics and Lyme.

Time to Regroup

I went home that night not as upset as I thought I would be and called my regular team of doctors. I told them what the new Lyme doctor had said and explained the route we were going to take with the tests and my thinking about treatment again, although my mind was already pretty much leaning toward not going down this road again. My team of doctors were thankfully on the same page as me and were quite supportive in whatever my decision was to be and in helping out in any way they could. Over the next few days, I would sit in complete silence going over every chapter of my life, page by needless page. I would recount every conversation with every doctor I had seen and mull over every test that had ever been done on me. Then it was as if a light bulb had gone off in my head. No, actually it was more like the finale to a great fireworks show on the fourth of July that burst from my brain! I quickly grabbed my notes and poured through them, I knew what was going on for the first time, it was all coming to light, the beast was being exposed and I had him cornered!

You see, I vaguely remembered a rheumatology appointment that I had had shortly after being diagnosed with IBD. The rheumatologist who I had been working with for over a decade had brought up this disease, but because he had given me so many labels of autoimmune diseases over the years, all of which I would now find out went along with this illness, that I took what he had said with a grain of salt and then threw it out like the baby with the bath water. Instead, I went back to my GI doctor who had just diagnosed me with IBD and felt this is where I needed to focus my attention and just maybe if we conquered this illness the rest would just fall into place. I never did go back to the rheumatologist and soon after that appointment, I would also be diagnosed with Lyme disease, a disease that could account for all my inflammation. This then quickly put the rheumatologist’s theory of a new diagnosis out of mind. I thought between the IBD diagnosis and the Lyme disease that I had finally found my holy grail and all would be well soon. Unfortunately, at that point in time it never dawned on me that my long standing systemic inflammation had started long before the tick bite and even the IBD diagnosis. Now, I don’t know if I just wanted it to be this easy (not that treating either of these illnesses was an easy walk through the park, but compared to what I had been through already it seemed like this was going to go smoothly from here on out) or if I just wanted to live in a state of denial and pray like hell that this was all there was. If I had only had a crystal ball way back when, so as to see that nearly a decade later I would still be suffering terribly, dealing with more body wide destruction and once again searching out the horrible beast that would still be lurking inside me. Maybe then I would not have thrown the baby out with the bath water, but instead took each new finding as being one step closer on my journey to meeting the beast face to face.

Eureka Moment

So, coupled with this vague memory and some new found information, I set out to look up the diagnostic criteria for the disease that I was sure this time was it. I sat there reading it line by line checking off each criteria I had met, and by the time I had reached the last point of criteria I realized that I had checked off every box! I looked up from my computer, while sitting there on my bed and felt as though the heavens had opened up and the sun’s rays came shining down on  me, all I needed now was a chorus of angelic singers to fill the room, like you see in some religious kind of movie where God opens the heavens down on to you and delivers the miracle you had so desperately prayed for!

Now as elated as I was, I knew I had to get my ducks in a row before once again bringing another disease to my doctors. So, I looked up the overview of the disease along with the symptomology, as well as any other testing needed to determine if someone had this illness. There was my choir of angelic singers, every note on the page poured out my life’s story of existence. Starting from the very early days of symptoms to the progression of the illness throughout my young adult life, to where I was at now. Not only could I see myself within these symptoms but also other family members, many who like me were in search for the mysterious beast lurking within themselves too. I would go on to see the sub-illnesses often associated with this disease and again like pages in the novel of my life there was each disease one after the other laid out in the succession I had so exhaustedly exhibited. Finally, the diagnostic criteria used in determining this illness would go on to show the systemic body wide destruction this beast would cause over a life time, the same destruction imaged and seen so often in my own health records. With all this knowledge now in hand you would think I would run off to the phone to call my team of doctors, but before releasing the congratulatory balloons, there was one more thing for me to check. I needed to know if and how this disease was related to EDS. So, I looked it up and there in plain sight was my answer, it was one of several sub-illnesses often seen alongside of EDS. Once again it was stated that people with EDS often suffer with this illness and as of yet like so many of the other sub-illnesses associated with EDS, there was no known reason or verifiable scientific connection as to why. Well, I had all I needed now, so it was time to let the team in on this one.

The Diagnosis: Ankylosing Spondylitis

I tried to stay calm as I called and messaged each doctor. I went through each bullet point I had made in my notes and then brought up the prior raising of this illness many, many years ago now. I laid out my case, like an eager new lawyer, I presented all the evidentiary evidence that had been collected over thirty years of living with this illness. I was precise and on point, I was ready for any of their questions, yeah I was in this to fight like a lawyer who was trying to save their client from the electric chair! When I finished pleading my case, I sat there in silence as each of my doctors took the information in and then there it was, those glorious words “OMG! You hit the nail on the head” They had never thought of this diagnosis and were unaware that a rheumatologist so many years ago had hit on this disease. Each of them had some vague knowledge of the disease and some had even treated other patients with it, but none had thought about applying it to me, mostly because I came to them without the diagnosis and my symptoms seemed to manifest over decades, leaving everyone bewildered. Once they had heard me plead my case point by point right down to this last flare which once again encompassed a part of my spine they knew I had hit the right diagnosis. I would then go in and get formally diagnosed. A week later the choir was singing my praises as the heavens opened to shine down on me. I was officially diagnosed with this disease. Okay it was time to tell the family and throw the celebratory party, you know the one that screams with pure joy “That I have a progressive inflammatory disease and it has a name, it’s called Ankylosing Spondylitis!!!!”

I had found the beast, I had finally seen his face and from here on out we were going to be on an equal playing field. I know to most people finding out that you have an awful progressive disease that is going to limit your abilities and turn your world, your hopes and dreams upside down and inside out, would be devastating to say the least, but for someone who has been chronically ill for years on end, it came as a sweet relief. You see chronically ill people live somewhere in between getting sick and death. What I mean by this is that we are all taught from an early age that if you get sick you just simply go to the doctor, who then runs his tests and diagnosis’s you. You then get a prescription which you take and within a few days to a week you are back up and rejoining the living world. Or we are taught that you get sick and you go to the doctor who then runs his tests and with sadness in his voice he explains to you that you have some awful deadly disease, which in turn you go home to prepare for your death. However, there is this place in between that getting sick and death and that place is known as chronic illness. It is a place where you go when your illness decides to never leave. It is place of fear, isolation, and loss of job, finances and quite often even family. It is also a place where patients often find themselves being abused at the hands of the very people who are supposed to be helping them find their way back to health: the doctors!

You see for most doctors, they are taught that if you cannot see the beast within the blood work or on imaging, then the beast does not exist. In cases like this, the doctors then turn on their patients and quite often blame the victim for their own suffering. The worst part is that in 2019 we know enough about autoimmune diseases and genetic defects to know that many if not most diseases can often take years to decades to fully present themselves and in the meantime, the patient can go on to suffer the low level of inflammation that is still not able to be detected through our archaic testing. Yet instead of working with the patient, however long that may take, most doctors show the patient the door and blame them for their own suffering. The world of chronic illness is like the black hole where frightened ill people get sucked into against their will, to never be seen as human beings and a part of society again.

Being Chronically Ill

The unfortunate fallacy propagated by the healthy and even some doctors is that the chronically ill are lazy, they just don’t want to work or they like the attention and so on and so on. Well, I can tell you that anyone who is chronically ill works harder on a daily basis then even the hardest working healthy people. You see we work hard at “faking it” for the healthy so they will believe us and not leave us. We work hard at trying to manage our finances so as to be able to afford our multiple doctor appointments and medications. We work hard at searching for that one doctor, the one who will finally draw the beast out of us and name it and work even harder at convincing a doctor that we truly are sick and in pain. We work hard at doing daily necessities like showering and shopping, things most people do without a second thought, but for us it can leave us wiped out only to pay for days on end. We work hard to keep hope, so that one day we will find the answer and slay the beast, because if we didn’t work hard at this we would have ended our life after the first doctor showed us the door! We spend countless hours with doctor Google, praying we get lucky and hit the mystery medical jack pot! On top of all this many must still care for their children, while facing family ridicule for not getting well. We live through guilt and shame and fear and ostracization from society as a whole. Many are accused of being mentally ill and for many of us, myself included, spend countless hours questioning our own sanity. We are accused by doctors, family and friends alike of being attention seeking, malingering, or suffering from somatization disorder, or worse yet drug seekers! Yet none of this could be farther from the truth. We, just like anyone else, want nothing more than to get better and return to our healthy lives or at the very least have the beast named so we can set out a plan of attack to assault the beast who has raged this war within our bodies. We don’t want to spend one more minute in pain, we don’t want to see one more crass rude doctor and God knows we do not want to swallow one more pill or supplement that leaves us with awful side effects, no we want to be like you, healthy and full of hope and joy for the future, only this time with a new found compassion for those who are fighting a silent beast within!

So, yes after years of being ill, after years of being tormented by our bodies, our doctors, our family and friends and after years of losing everything we have come to cherish in life, when that elusive miracle of facing the beast actually happens and we have found our Holy Grail, we rise to our feet and do the happy dance, we shout from the roof tops that we are “really” ill and no matter what the diagnosis is or what the prognosis of the disease is we are ready to celebrate and celebrate hard! For no matter what the diagnosis brings in the future, it surely cannot be as bad as the journey itself was to finding the beast. We once again find a new kind of strength, only this time we are not fighting ourselves, the doctors or the ones around us, but instead we are finally fighting the beast and we do it with a glorious smile on our faces and little spunk in our steps! So, today I am celebrating my disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis, matter of fact I think I will even get some balloons and a cake, do you think they can write on the cake “Congratulations on your progressive disease!” LOL!

We Need Your Help

More people than ever are reading Hormones Matter, a testament to the need for independent voices in health and medicine. We are not funded and accept limited advertising. Unlike many health sites, we don’t force you to purchase a subscription. We believe health information should be open to all. If you read Hormones Matter, like it, please help support it. Contribute now.

Yes, I would like to support Hormones Matter. 

Photo by Ryan Moreno on Unsplash

A Joint Problem: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Hormonal Birth Control

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Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder which causes the body’s immune system to attack the joints, resulting in pain and swelling. About 1.3 million people in the United States have rheumatoid arthritis, and of these, nearly 75 percent are women. “In fact, 1–3 percent of women may get rheumatoid arthritis in their lifetime. The disease most often begins between the fourth and sixth decades of life, however, RA can start at any age.”

At this point in my research into hormonal contraceptives, any disease that affects women so much more drastically than men I find suspicious. While reading the Nelson Pill Hearings (NPH), the testimony of Dr. Giles Boles, a professor of internal medicine, caught my attention. He was discussing oral contraceptives and rheumatoid arthritis. Like diabetes, this is another connection I had never heard about before.

At the hearings, Boles describes a 24-year-old woman who was experiencing mild rheumatic symptoms. After running some tests, she showed three abnormalities commonly associated with lupus. She had been taking oral contraceptives for 8 months and was on no other medication. “She was advised to discontinue her oral contraceptive therapy and within 6 weeks all of her laboratory abnormalities had disappeared.” Doctors continued to monitor her for over 2 years and she remained disease-free.

He also spoke about a two-year study published in 1969 that showed rheumatoid arthritis in women taking oral contraceptives increased more than 50 percent. Another study from the same year reported that 22 women with rheumatic symptoms had their symptoms diminish or disappear after discontinuing the pill (NPH page 6089).

That study, which was originally published in the British medical journal Lancet, was also discussed in Barbara Seaman’s book The Doctors’ Case Against the Pill (page 122):

“Over the past three years we have seen 22 young women who… after beginning oral contraceptives developed [arthritic symptoms]. The joint swelling was usually limited to the hands. On cessation of the oral contraceptive, the symptoms disappeared… We specifically inquire as to the use of oral contraceptives in all young women we see with rheumatic complaints…”

In researching the connection further, my first stop was the Centers for Disease Control. On their page for rheumatoid arthritis under “Risk Factors” is the following:

Oral Contraceptives (OC): Early studies found that women who had taken OCs had a modest to moderate decrease in risk of RA. However, most recent studies have not found a decreased risk. The estrogen concentration of contemporary OCs is typically 80%-90% lower than the first OCs introduced in the 1960s. This may account for the lack of associations in recent studies.

This seems very odd to me for a few reasons. First of all, if oral contraceptives decrease the risk of rheumatoid arthritis, why put it under “Risk Factors?” Secondly, though the “early studies” being cited are from 1993 and 1989, they point to the higher concentration of estrogen from pills in the 1960s as a reason for the conflicting information. Yet in 1970, Dr. Boles testifies about a very real connection between rheumatoid arthritis and the use of oral contraceptives.

Rheumatoid Arthritis on the Rise

A 2010 study from researchers at the Mayo Clinic showed that after four decades of decline, rheumatoid arthritis was on the rise among women. They cited oral contraceptives as one of the culprits:
“The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in women has risen during the period of 1995 to 2007, according to a newly published study by researchers from the Mayo Clinic. This rise in RA follows a 4-decade period of decline and study authors speculate environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and lower dose synthetic estrogens in oral contraceptives may be the source of the increase.”

Yet this WebMD article discusses a small German study that showed that oral contraceptive use could ease some symptoms of RA. Incidentally, the article also points out, “certain patients with inflammatory arthritis may increase their risk of blood clots by going on oral contraceptives.” This statement makes it seem that only some women are at an increased risk for blood clots when using oral contraceptives. That’s untrue. ALL women who use hormonal contraceptives are at an increased risk for blood clots.

While the German study was small and focused on symptoms, a meta-analysis of 17 studies showed no “protective effect of oral contraceptives on the risk for RA in women.”

Perhaps even more strange are the findings presented at the American College of Rheumatology Annual Meeting in Boston in 2014. The study presented there showed that choice of contraception may influence rheumatoid arthritis autoimmunity risk, with the biggest risk coming from IUDs (intrauterine device), though the research findings don’t specify whether patients used a copper IUD or a hormonal IUD.

According a meta-analysis by Hazes and van Zeben the overall unsatisfactory state of studies relating RA to the contraceptive pill suggest

“that oral contraceptive use may in fact be a marker for some other causal factor.”

Another article by William H. James from the Annals of Rheumatic Disease describes the problem with determining the connection between oral contraceptive use and rheumatoid arthritis:

“Over the last decade a dozen large scale studies have offered strikingly dissimilar conclusions on this possibility. An international workshop was held in Leiden in 1989 in an attempt to reach a consensus. It is not unfair to comment that consensus proved evasive.”

Is Rheumatoid Arthritis Connected to Hormonal Contraceptives or Not?

In 1970, the research clearly showed a connection between rheumatoid arthritis and hormonal contraceptives. Further research confirmed that. Then other studies attempted to demonstrate that the pill mitigated symptoms, while a meta-analysis showed no protective effect. Yet recent findings show an increased risk for women who use IUDs. In all of the recent research, the only consensus seems to be that there is no consensus.

The bottom line is that evidence about the connection between rheumatoid arthritis and hormonal birth control is inconclusive at best, incoherent at worst, and sometimes downright contradictory. Once again, I have to ask why. Why were there not conclusive studies conducted immediately after the 1970 Congressional hearings? Who gains by there still being confusion about this issue? Who loses? That one I can answer; women lose.

Real Risk Study: Birth Control and Blood Clots

Lucine Health Sciences and Hormones Matter are conducting research to investigate the relationship between hormonal birth control and blood clots. If you or a loved one have suffered from a blood clot while using hormonal birth control, please consider participating. We are also looking for participants who have been using hormonal birth control for at least one year and have NOT had a blood clot, as well as women who have NEVER used hormonal birth control. For more information or to participate, click here.

Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and Ovarian Teratomas

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In 2005 researchers began documenting the existence of a new form of encephalitis, a brain disease that afflicts predominantly young women (80%) and children and attacks a critical set of brain receptors, the N-methyl-D-aspatate receptors (NMDAR). The disease, called Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis, produces a syndrome that over the course of several weeks to months progresses from flu-like symptoms, to psychosis, to catatonia, to the ICU and the need for mechanical ventilation. It is treatable, when identified in a timely manner, but because of the physiological importance of the receptor it attacks, if not treated in time or treated sufficiently, anti-NMDAR encephalitis can be fatal. Interestingly, there is an important connection to ovarian health that makes this disease process particularly relevant to women – 60% of the cases present with ovarian teratomas.

NMDA Receptors and Brain Function

NMDA receptors are the brain’s and the indeed the body’s primary mechanism through which activity is initiated. NMDARs are excitatory receptors that bind with glutamate, the excitatory neurotransmitter. NMDARs, along with the AMPA receptor (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid), a secondary excitatory receptor regulate all brain excitation. These receptors are located all over the brain, but are especially dense in the hippocampus, where learning and memory occur, and the frontal and prefrontal regions where planning, motivation, impulse control and emotional regulation take place.

NMDARs are also dense in subcortical regions, where all sorts of functions involving movement control, motivation and emotionality are controlled and in the brainstem, the region at the base of your brain where a set of nuclei called the medulla oblongata reside. The medulla oblongata control heart rate, respiration and vomiting reflex. Impair the functioning of the medulla oblongata by injury, by reducing NMDARs or even by alcohol poisoning, sedative or pain killer overdose, and heart rate and respiration will slow to a stop, until death becomes imminent.

Too much glutamate-NMDAR activity and seizures ensue. This is because brain’s major inhibitory neurotransmitter called GABA becomes ineffective at reducing brain excitation. Reduce glutamate/NMDAR activity and the perception of pain is also be reduced, but with far too many side-effects to make NMDAR antagonist likely therapeutics. Conversely, too little glutamate and NMDAR activity also will lead to seizures, psychosis, and even, cell death. It’s a complex balance between brain excitation and brain inhibition that must be maintained. When that balance is disrupted, serious illness occurs.

What is Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis?

As far as scientists can tell, anti-NMDAR encelphalitis begins with an illness, sometimes a virus or a vaccine, and in 60% of cases, an ovarian teratoma, that causes the body to have an immune reaction against the NMDA receptors. The immune reaction elicits the production of an antibody that tells certain types of NMDARs to involute into the cell so that they are no longer active. From the cases thus far, the disease process follows the path of the receptors attacked. It appears to begin in the frontal and temporal cortices and progress to the deeper brain regions and subcortical structures until it reaches the brain stem and mechanical ventilation is required. Flu like symptoms emerge first, hence the belief that the disease is triggered by illness, medication or vaccine. The flu-like symptoms are then followed by a memory deficits and rapid disintegration into psychosis, paranoia, delusions, hallucinations. Sometimes seizures occur, sometimes they do not. If untreated, within a period of weeks, the afflicted individual lands in ICU requiring mechanical ventilation. The mortality rate is approximately 4% and the median time from disease onset to death is 3-5 months. When treatment is initiated, the recovery process mirrors the disease onset stages, though in reverse. Recovery can take years.

The Connection between Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and the Ovaries

One of the many striking components of this disease is the co-morbid presentation of ovarian teratomas, in 60% of the cases. Teratomas, sometimes referred to as dermoid cysts, are a unique type of tumor that contain germ cells that can grow into brain or nervous tissue, glands, fat, and even skin, teeth and hair. It is not uncommon for teratomas to have teeth or hair. Treatment and indeed survival of anti-NMDAR encephalitis is predicated upon tumor removal, in most cases.

Ovarian teratomas represent an error in germ cell division; germ cells being those cells handed down at birth from our parents that contain the genetic materials needed to form ovarian follicles (eggs) for women, sperm cells for men. The germ cells are pluripotent and contain all the ingredients to make skin, gland and other tissue, hence the nervous tissue, hair, nails and other components found in these tumors. Typically germs cells divide in a logical sequence that eventually results in oocyte, an egg, that will then become fertilized or not. In some women (and men), the cell division progresses unconventionally, producing the teratoma. In part, the teratoma develops as a result of epigenetic factors including the health and environmental exposures of our parents, even our grandparents. In utero exposures to medications, vaccines and other toxins can cause errors in germ cells, and as a result, many individuals are born with these errors, but not all are triggered. Germ cell division is very highly environmentally influenced suggesting that exposures later in life can trigger errors in germ cell development, as in a teratoma.

The Connection between Teratomas and Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis

What does an ovarian teratoma have to do encephalitis?  Researchers don’t know for sure, but think that because the teratomas express nerve cells with NMDA receptors, when the immune system recognizes the teratoma as foreign and begins to attack, it also attacks brain NMDARs, mistakenly so. What they have observed is that if the teratoma is not removed, survival is difficult. They have also observed that in cases where no teratoma is found, recovery is more complicated and arduous than in cases where the teratoma is found and excised.

Symptoms of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis

Approximately, 70% of cases begin with flu-like symptoms that include: headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and upper-respiratory symptoms. Within a few days to two weeks, this progresses to psychiatric and cognitive symptoms that include everything from anxiety and insomnia to hallucinations, delusions, mania, memory deficits, delirium, language difficulties to frank mutism. This is followed by autonomic instability (heart rate, blood pressure and temperature instability, incontinence), alternating periods of agitation and catatonia, oral/facial tics, limb jerking, posturing. Motor and complex seizures may develop, including status epilepticus (continuous seizures), coma can occur and mechanical ventilation is required to maintain breathing. In all cases, hospitalization is required during the acute phase, which can last 3-4 months. During the recovery phase, which can last many more months, hospitalization and/or direct supervision may also be required because of an on-going need for nocturnal ventilation assistance and also because of a unique dis-inihibition of frontal cortex functioning with high degrees of uncontrolled, impulsive behavior.

Diagnosing Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis

Diagnosing anti-NMDAR encephalitis is difficult because many of the traditional first line tests come back negative. Brain MRIs are normal in 50% of patients and mostly normal or only transiently abnormal in the remaining patients. This is in direct contrast to the severity of the patient’s illness. Brain biopsies are also unremarkable. The electrical activity of the brain is often abnormal with electroencephalograms (EEG) showing slow, non-specific and disorganized activity in general, with electrographic seizure and/or rhythmic delta-theta activity during catatonia, but this pattern not necessarily solely indicative of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Blood tests for the anti-NMDAR antibodies also are often not indicative of the illness. From the research thus far, it appears that the most accurate test involved measuring the antibodies involved in anti-NMDAR encephalitis via cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Antibody titres appear to follow the course of the disease and recovery, even relapse and remission.

If anti-NMDAR encephalitis is suspected in women, imaging for ovarian teratomas should be conducted, and if found, the teratomas should be removed.

How is Anti-NMDAR Treated?

Because anti-NMDAR encephalitis is an immune response, the goal of treatment is to reduce the concentration of anti-NMDAR antibodies. This is done with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, plasmapheresis or plasma exchange to clear out the antibodies and intraveneous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment to boost the immune response. If an ovarian teratoma is present, it must be removed. If the teratoma is not removed, prognosis is poor, recovery is possible, but takes significantly longer.  In general, treatment of the acute phase, where mechanical ventilation is required and recovery require months of hospitalization. Full recovery can take years. The disease also appears wax and wane with periods of remission and relapse.

Final Thoughts

The connection between anti-NMDAR encephalitis and ovarian teratomas is fascinating and though not fully delineated, presents one more bit of evidence that ovarian health is connected to total health. I suspect as the research progresses, our understanding of ovarian teratomas will expand exponentially and offer clues to a myriad of brain and autoimmune diseases currently unrecognized and often inappropriately treated. Who knows, perhaps the environmental factors, medication and vaccines influencing germ cell and teratoma development will garner more respect too.